Browser-based navigation suggestions for task completion

ABSTRACT

In some implementations, a method includes acquiring data about a plurality of web pages rendered within one or more browser tabs of a web browser executing on at least one computing device and processing the acquired data to group the plurality of web pages into one or more groups of web pages. The processing includes performing a similarity analysis using the acquired data, where each group includes web pages that are determined to be topically related to each other based on the similarity analysis. The method includes selecting a group of web pages from the one or more groups of web pages that are determined to be topically-related to content displayed in the web browser and providing a navigation suggestion for display on a user interface of the web browser based on the selected group.

PRIORITY STATEMENT

This application is a non-provisional of, and claims priority to, U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/712,526, filed on Jul. 31, 2018, entitled“BROWSER-BASED NAVIGATION SUGGESTIONS FOR TASK COMPLETION”, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Browser tabs of a web browser may be a useful tool for obtaining andrendering content from the Internet in order to carry out a specifictask of a user (e.g., planning a camping trip, deciding and purchasing anew vacuum cleaner, etc.).

SUMMARY

In some implementations, a method includes acquiring data about aplurality of web pages rendered within one or more browser tabs of a webbrowser executing on at least one computing device and processing theacquired data to group the plurality of web pages into one or moregroups of web pages, where each group includes a respective subset ofthe plurality of web pages. The processing includes performing asimilarity analysis using the acquired data, where each group includesweb pages that are determined to be topically related to each otherbased on the similarity analysis. The method includes selecting a groupof web pages from the one or more groups of web pages that aredetermined to be topically-related to content displayed in the webbrowser, where the selected group represents a task being carried out bya user of the web browser, and providing a navigation suggestion fordisplay on a user interface of the web browser based on the selectedgroup, where the navigation suggestion includes one or moreuser-selectable elements that assist the user to complete the task.

In some implementations, the method may include one or more of thefollowing features (or any combination thereof). The plurality of webpages includes a first web page rendered by the web browser executing ona first device, and a second web page rendered by the web browserexecuting on a second device. The providing the navigation suggestionincludes displaying content of one or more web pages of the selectedgroup on the user interface of the web browser. The providing thenavigation suggestion includes displaying content of a web page notpreviously rendered by the web browser during a course of executing thetask by the user. The processing further includes generating a pluralityof navigation trees based on the acquired data, clustering a subset ofthe plurality of navigation trees into a cluster group based on thesimilarity analysis, and identifying the group of web pages based on thecluster group. A navigation tree of the plurality of navigation treesincludes nodes and links between the nodes, where the nodes representweb pages rendered by the web browser, and the links representnavigation paths between the web pages. The processing further includesfiltering the group of web pages to remove one or more web pages fromthe group based on determined values for one or more user engagementmetrics, where each determined value of a user engagement metricindicates an amount of user engagement with a respective web page of thegroup. The processing further includes sorting the group of web pagesbased on determined values of one or more user engagement metrics, whereeach determined value of a user engagement metric indicates an amount ofuser engagement with a respective web page of the group. The providingthe navigation suggestion includes providing a selection to the selectedgroup of web pages in a bookmark section of the web browser. Theproviding the navigation suggestion includes providing a selection tothe selected group of web pages as a navigation suggestion associatedwith a search box of the web browser. The method further includespre-fetching web content for at least one web page of the selected groupof web pages in advance of a user selection of the at least one webpage.

In some implementations, a system comprises at least one processor, anda non-transitory computer-readable medium storing executableinstructions that when executed by the at least one processor isconfigured to execute a server. The server is configured to acquire,over a network, data from a web browser executing on at least onecomputing device, where the data includes information about a pluralityof web pages rendered within one or more browser tabs of the webbrowser. The server is configured to process the acquired data to groupthe plurality of web pages into one or more groups of web pages, whereeach group includes a respective subset of the plurality of web pages.The server is configured to perform a similarity analysis using theacquired data, where each group includes web pages that are determinedto be topically related to each other based on the similarity analysis.The server is configured to select a group of web pages from the one ormore groups of web pages that is determined to be topically-related tocontent displayed in the web browser, where the selected grouprepresents a task being carried out by a user. The server is configuredto provide, over the network, a navigation suggestion for display on auser interface of the web browser based on the selected group, where thenavigation suggestion includes one or more user-selectable elements thatassist the user to complete the task.

In some implementations, the system may include one or more of theabove/below features (or any combination thereof). The navigationsuggestion includes a list of one or more of the web pages of theselected group. The server is configured to generate a plurality ofnavigation trees based on the acquired data, where each of the pluralityof navigation trees includes nodes and links between the nodes, thenodes represent web pages, and the links represent navigation pathsbetween the web pages. The server is configured to cluster a subset ofthe plurality of navigation trees into a cluster group based on thesimilarity analysis, and identify the group of web pages from thecluster group. The server is configured to filter the cluster group tonot include one or more web pages of the cluster group within the groupof web pages. The nodes of the navigation trees of the cluster groupinclude one or more hub nodes, one or more leaf nodes, and one or moreintermediate nodes, and the server is configured to filter the clustergroup to remove web pages represented by the intermediate nodes. Theserver is configured to filter the cluster group based on determinedvalues for one or more user engagement metrics, where each determinedvalue of a user engagement metric indicates an amount of user engagementwith a respective web page of the group. The server is configured toprovide the navigation suggestion in a tab switcher interface of the webbrowser.

In some implementations, a non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring executable instructions that when executed by at least oneprocessor are configured to execute a web browser. The web browser isconfigured to send, over a network, data to a server associated with theweb browser, where the data includes information about a plurality ofweb pages rendered within one or more browser tabs of the web browser,display content in a user interface of the web browser, receive, overthe network, a navigation suggestion in response to the content beingdisplayed in the user interface of the web browser, where the navigationsuggestion identifies a group of web pages, the group of web pages is asubset of the plurality of web pages rendered within the one or morebrowser tabs, and the group of web pages includes web pages that havebeen determined to be topically related to each other, and display thenavigation suggestion on the user interface of the web browser, wherethe navigation suggestion displays content of one or more of the webpages of the group as one or more user-selectable elements, and eachuser-selectable element is selectable to access a respective web page ofthe group.

In some implementations, the web browser is configured to pre-fetch webcontent for at least one web page of the group of web pages in advanceof a user selection of a user-selectable element for the at least oneweb page. The navigation suggestion displays a list of the web pages ofthe group in chronological order. The navigation suggestion is displayedin a tab switcher interface of the web browser. The web browser isconfigured to display a selectable link to the group on the userinterface of the web browser, and display a list of the web pages of thegroup in response to a user selection of the link. The web browser isconfigured to display the selectable link to the group in a bookmarksection of the web browser. The web browser is configured to display aselectable link to the group as a navigation suggestion in response toone or more search terms being entered in a search box of the webbrowser.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will beapparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a system for facilitating user navigation in a webbrowser executing on a computing device.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example of a first group of web pages and anexample of a second group of web pages.

FIG. 2 illustrates a graphical representation of the tab history of afirst browser tab, a second browser tab, and a third browser tab.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a navigation tree.

FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation of filtering of web pagesof a journey to obtain the web pages for an auto-tab list.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a navigation suggestion.

FIG. 5B illustrates a relationship between auto-tab lists and groups.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of switching to an auto-tab in theauto-tab list.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a navigation suggestion.

FIG. 8 illustrates a relationship between item lists and groups.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of the web browserand/or the server.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of the syncserver.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating example operations of the webbrowser.

FIG. 12A illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12B illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12C illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12D illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12E illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12F illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12G illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12H illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12I illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12J illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 12K illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13A illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13B illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13C illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13D illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13E illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13F illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13G illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13H illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13I illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13J illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13K illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13L illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 13M illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 14 illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 15 illustrates a screenshot of the web browser.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a computer device and a mobile computerdevice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Discussed herein are techniques that provide contextually-relevantnavigation suggestions to the user to help the user complete a task.These techniques can be implemented in various software applications,including a web browser, a mobile application running on a mobile deviceor a natively-operating executing on a desktop computer. For example, auser may use a web browser to carry out a task by searching the WorldWide Web for content (e.g., researching a movie to decide whether to seethe movie in a theatre). For example, a user may start with a web searchto get search results about the movie, navigate to one or move reviewsabout the movie, navigate to a trailer of the movie, navigate to webpages that provide information about the cast of the movie, etc. Duringthe course of displaying these different web pages to the user, existingweb browsers may not have an understanding of the task the user istrying to accomplish, which prompted the loading and rendering of theseparticular pages.

In contrast, this disclosure describes techniques for using a similarityanalysis to capture those web pages that relate to the user's task andfor automatically displaying navigation suggestions to the user to helpthe user accomplish the task. For instance, in the movie example, afterthe user reads one or more reviews about the movie, views the trailer ofthe movie, and reads information about the cast of the movie, the usermay decide to see the movie in a movie theatre, but may want to convincea friend to see the movie with her. At this point, the user may want tofind the web page having the movie trailer so that the user can send alink to the trailer to convince the friend to see the movie. Also, atthis point, the user may have multiple browsing tabs opens that may ormay not include the web page with the movie trailer. In addition, theuser may be performing different tasks, unrelated to the movie task,while using the web browser during the course of searching for a movie.For example, the user may be viewing the news or researching dog breeds,etc. As such, the web browser may have many open browser tabs, where thehistory of the browser tabs may span across multiple tasks (orjourneys). Often, instead of switching to other browser tabs or viewingthe browsing history of the web browser, the user may simply open a newbrowser tab to search for the movie trailer.

However, a web browser implementing the techniques discussed herein mayuse a similarity analysis to determine which web pages are topicallyrelated to a particular task (e.g., determining whether to see themovie), and, when the user's browser activity relates to that task, theweb browser may automatically display pages relating to the task (and/orother navigation suggestions, such as a suggested page or a suggestedaction that helps the user accomplish the task). For example, in someimplementations, the navigation suggestion includes a list ofpreviously-rendered web pages in which the user is likely to return to.In some implementations, the navigation suggestion includes a suggestedweb page (e.g., a web page in which the user has not yet visited). Insome implementations, the navigation suggestion includes a suggestedcourse of action (e.g., a sequential display of navigation suggestionsto complete the task).

The techniques discussed herein may reduce the amount of computationalresources of a computing device executing the web browser byprogrammatically providing one or more navigation suggestions (e.g., thelist of previously-rendered web pages, a suggested web page, a suggestedaction(s), etc.) to a user in order to accomplish and/or complete thetask associated with use of the web browser. For example, the number ofbrowsers tabs that otherwise would be launched to accomplish the taskmay be reduced and/or the execution time required to re-search orre-find relevant web pages to accomplish the task may be reduced,thereby decreasing the amount of computational resources consumed by thecomputing device (e.g., computational resources may be “freed up”) andincreasing the efficiency of the web browser itself.

In the movie example, the navigation suggestion may include a list ofpreviously-rendered web pages that the user is likely to return tocomplete the task, which includes the movie trailer. This list of webpages (which includes a page having the movie trailer) may be presentedas selectable user interface (UI) elements, where a selection of a UIelement causes the web browser to display a respective web page in abrowser tab. As such, the user may not need to open a new browser tab tore-search for the movie trailer or figure out which browser tab has thecontent the user is looking for. Rather, when it is determined that theuser is currently carrying out a task, the web browser automaticallyprovides a navigation suggestion to the user to help accomplish thetask.

In the movie example, since the content about the cast of the movie iscontextually relevant to the list (or group) of web pages relating tothe task of determining whether to see the movie, a selection to the webpage having the movie trailer may be automatically provided in a userinterface of the web browser, and when that web page is selected, theweb browser may display the web page having the movie trailer in abrowser tab. In some implementations, the web browser may pre-fetch theweb content of some or all of the group's web pages. For example, theweb browser may acquire the web content, via the Internet, from thewebsites that correspond to some or all of the group's web pages in abackground operation of the web browser prior to (i.e., in advance of)the user selecting or navigating to one of more of the group's webpages. This advantageously tends to allow for the web content to berendered to the user faster. Also, this advantageously tends to allowfor offline rendering of the web content to the user.

In addition, user reaction to the navigation suggestions can bemonitored to create a feedback loop to refine further recommendations.For example, the user may decide to select a navigation suggestionprovided by the web browser. Also, the user may decide to select oneparticular navigation suggestion over other navigation suggestions, ornot select any of the navigation suggestions but rather navigate to aweb page not suggested by the navigation suggestions. Future navigationsuggestions may be refined based on the user's reaction to thenavigation suggestions. In addition, future navigation suggestions maybe refined based on other user's reaction to the same or similarnavigation suggestions. This advantageously tends to allow more accuratenavigation suggestions over time. In some implementations, the user maybe provided with controls allowing the user to make an election as toboth if and when the web browser and/or the system may enable themonitoring of user reaction to navigation suggestions.

In some examples, the similarity analysis is performed by the webbrowser or other software application executing on a device that renderscontent to a user. In some examples, the similarity analysis isperformed at a server associated with the web browser or softwareapplication. For example, as the user navigates through various searchesand/or websites using the web browser, the web browser may acquire dataabout the web pages rendered by the browser tabs, and the server or theweb browser may determine a group of web pages previously rendered bythe web browser that are topically related to each other based on asimilarity analysis of the data. The group of web pages may include twoor more web pages that are determined to be topically-related to eachother, which may indicate that the user is carrying out a task.

FIG. 1A illustrates a system 100 for providing one or more navigationsuggestions 128 to assist a user for completing a task using a webbrowser 122 executing on a computing device 120. As a user navigatesthrough content using the web browser 122, the web browser 122 mayacquire data 101 about the web pages 121 visited by the web browser 122.In some implementations, the web browser 122 may transmit at least aportion of the data 101, over a network 130, to a server 102 associatedwith the web browser 122.

Based on the data 101 received from the web browser 122 over the network130, the server 102 may determine that the user is performing a taskbased on the data 101. A task may be a web searching activity related tothe same or similar subject matter. In some implementations, the taskmay refer to an activity of a single topic or category that is carriedout by navigating the web browser 122. Some non-limiting examples mayinclude researching a hiking trip in a certain area, researching dogbreeds, researching a particular movie to see in a movie theater, or forpurchasing a vacuum cleaner on the Internet. In some implementations,the web browser 122 determines that the user is performing a task basedon the data 101. Although the following description indicates that someof the operations are performed by the server 102, in someimplementations, these operations may be performed by the web browser122 executing on the computing device 120.

In some implementations, the server 102 determines that the user iscarrying out a task by determining a first group 116 of web pages 121from the web pages 121 previously rendered by browser tabs 126 of theweb browser 122. A web page 121 may be an instance of a web page being(or having been) loaded (or reloaded) in the web browser 122. Differentweb pages 121 may relate to different web pages of the same Internetsite or web pages of different Internet sites. The first group 116 ofweb pages 121 may include the web pages that correspond to a particulartask that the user is carrying out using the web browser 122.

The data 101 may include include navigation information related to theidentification and information about the web pages 121 rendered by thebrowser tabs 126, and/or the level of user engagement with the web pages121. In particular, the web browser 122 may include a search box forcarrying out Internet searches, an address bar to enter websiteaddresses, as well as other navigation tools such as bookmarks, browsinghistory, etc. Also, the web browser 122 may define forward and backbuttons to navigate through previously viewed web pages, and through theuse of the web browser 122, the web pages may provide a navigation bar,sitemap, dropdown menu, etc. to navigate through the Internet site. Thedata 101 may be generated through any of the above-identified navigationtools (or any other navigation tools provided by web browsers/webpages).

In some implementations, the data 101 may include information specifyingactions performed by the user using any of the navigation tools,corresponding timestamps, etc. Also, the data 101 may includeinformation specifying user interaction with any of the presentedcontent (e.g., time spent viewing web pages, how many pages the useropens from a given page, audio playback, etc.). In some implementations,the user associated with the same account may sync information acrossmultiple computing devices in which the data 101 from a first webbrowser executing on a first computing device may be used in conjunctionwith the data 101 from a second web browser executing on a secondcomputing device (and so forth) to determine the groups.

In some examples, the data 101 includes search terms entered, contextualinformation (e.g., history of navigation of users or for other users,time spent, trends), user profile information, information from priorbrowser instances/sessions, and/or information from a different browser.In some examples, the data 101 includes content and/or metadata of thewebpages. In some examples, the user may be provided with controlsallowing the user to make an election as to both if and when the webbrowser 122 and/or the system 100 may enable the collection of the data101 and/or whether one or more types of the data 101 can be used in thesimilarity analysis to determine whether the user is carrying out aparticular task.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example of the first group 116 and an example ofa second group 118. As shown in FIG. 1B, the first group 116 of webpages 121 includes the web pages 121 previously rendered by the browsertabs 126 that are topically related to each other. For example, thefirst group 116 may include a first web page 121-1, a second web page121-2, and a third web page 121-3. Each web page 121 of the first group116 is a different web page (e.g., HTML file) of an Internet site thattopically relates other web pages 121 of the first group 116. The webpages 121 of the first group 116 may represent a first task that isbeing carried out by the user. For example, the web pages 121 of thefirst group 116 may be topically-related to the first task.

In some implementations, the server 102 may determine the second group118 of web pages 121 from the web pages 121 previously rendered by thebrowser tabs 126 of the web browser 122. As shown in FIG. 1B, the secondgroup 118 of web pages 121 includes the web pages 121 previouslyrendered by the browser tabs 126 that are topically related to eachother. For example, the second group 118 may include a forth web page121-4, a fifth web page 121-5, and a sixth web page 121-6. The web pages121 of the second group 118 may be topically different from the webpages 121 of the first group 116. Each web page 121 of the second group118 is a different web page (e.g., HTML file) of an Internet site thattopically relates other web pages 121 of the second group 118. Althoughthree web pages 121 are shown with respect to the first group 116 andthe second group 118, the first group 116 and the second group 118 mayinclude any number of web pages 121. The web pages 121 of the secondgroup 118 may represent a second task that is being carried out by theuser. For example, the web pages 121 of the second group 118 may betopically-related to the second task, where the second task is differentthan the first task. Although two tasks are described with reference toFIGS. 1A and 1B, the user may be carrying out more than two tasks, andtherefore, there may be a third group, forth group, fifth group, etc.

The server 102 may provide, over the network 130, one or more navigationsuggestions 128 to the web browser 122 in response to content displayedin the web browser 122 being topically related to one of the tasks (e.g.the first task or the second task). For example, in response to thecontent displayed in the web browser 122 being topically-related to thefirst group 116, the server 102 may send a navigation suggestion 128 tothe web browser 122 for display in order to help the user carry out thefirst task. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128includes a list (or a subset) of the web pages 121 of the first group116. In some implementations, the web pages 121 of the first group 116are filtered or sorted based on the times in which the web pages 121were accessed or rendered, and/or the level of user engagement with theweb pages 121, and the filtered or sorted list of web pages 121 of thefirst group 116 are provided as one or more navigation suggestions 128on the user interface 124 of the web browser 122, which provides the webpages 121 that the user is likely to re-visit to complete or continuewith the first task.

In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 includes asuggested web page (e.g., not part of the first group 116) buttopically-related to the first group 116 to help the user with the firsttask. For example, in some implementations, the data 101 may indicatethat other users that carried out tasks similar to the first taskvisited a particular web page to continue or complete the tasks similarto the first task. Based on the data 101, a suggested web page may beprovided as a navigation suggestion 128.

In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 includes asuggested course of action to help the user with the first task. Forexample, the navigation suggestion 128 may include a sequence of webpages 121 (e.g., previously rendered or suggested), search ideas, and/orother actions that provides a suggested course of action to assist theuser to continue or complete the first task.

In some implementations, the user may switch tasks, and the contentdisplayed by the web browser 122 may relate to the second task. In thiscase, in response to the content displayed in the web browser 122 beingtopically-related to the second group 118, the server 102 may send oneor more navigation suggestions 128 to the web browser 122 for display inorder to help the user carry out the second task. In someimplementations, the navigation suggestion 128 includes a list (or asubset) of the web pages 121 of the second group 118. In someimplementations, the web pages 121 of the second group 118 are filteredor sorted based on the times in which the web pages 121 were accessed orrendered, and/or the level of user engagement with the web pages 121,and the filtered or sorted list of web pages 121 of the second group 118are provided as one or more navigation suggestions 128 on the userinterface 124 of the web browser 122, which provides the web pages 121that the user is likely to re-visit to complete or continue with thesecond task. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128includes a suggested web page (e.g., not part of the second group 118)but topically-related to the second group 118 to help the user with thesecond task. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128includes a suggested course of action to help the user with the secondtask.

The navigation suggestions 128 may reduce the amount of computationalresource of the computing device 120 (e.g., computation time and/ormemory space used) consumed by the web browser 122 by programmaticallyproviding one or more navigation suggestions 128 to a user in order toaccomplish and/or complete a task associated with use of the web browser122. For example, through the use of the navigation suggestion 128, thenumber of browsers tabs 126 that otherwise would be launched toaccomplish the task may be reduced and/or the execution time required tore-search or re-find relevant web pages 121 to accomplish the task maybe reduced, thereby decreasing the amount of computational resourcesconsumed by the computing device 120 (e.g., computational resources maybe “freed up”) and increasing the efficiency of the web browser 122itself.

In some implementations, the group's web pages 121 may be the pages inwhich the user is likely to revisit or return to in order to completethe task. As such, the web browser 122 may speed up user navigation tothose web pages 121 by enabling the user to quickly access those webpages 121. In some implementations, the web browser 122 may pre-fetchthe web content of some or all of the group's web pages 121 or other webpages 121 provided by the navigation suggestions 128. For example, theweb browser 122 may acquire the web content, via the Internet, from thewebsites that correspond to some or all of the web pages 121 provided inthe navigation suggestions 128 in a background operation of the webbrowser 122 prior to (i.e., in advance of) the user selecting ornavigating to one of more of the web pages 121 provided in thenavigation suggestions 128. In some implementations, in the backgroundoperation (and before the user selects or navigates to one or more ofthe web pages 121 in the navigation suggestions 128), the web browser122 may acquire the web content by loading a native library of the webbrowser 122, performing a domain name system (DNS) lookup based on theURL associated with a particular web page 121, downloading the webcontent from a server, and caching the web content. These acquiringoperations may be performed for some or all of the web pages 121 (e.g.,the group's web pages 121 or a suggested web page 121) in the navigationsuggestions 128.

This advantageously tends to allow for the web content to be rendered tothe user faster. For example, since the web content has already beenacquired, when the user actually selects or navigates to a particularweb page 121 in the navigation suggestions 128, the web browser 122 mayonly display the web content in the browser tab 126. Also, thisadvantageously tends to allow for offline rendering of the web contentto the user. In some implementations, the web browser 122 may pre-fetchat least one resource of the web browser 122. The resources of the webbrowser 122 may include a language translation service, form autofill,and a password vault, as well as other browser resources. In someimplementations, in the background operation (and before the userselects or navigations to one or more web pages 121 in the navigationsuggestions 128), the web browser 122 may acquire the web content forone or more web pages 121 in the navigation suggestions 128 and thentranslate the page into a language associated with the user accountusing the language translation service.

In some implementations, the computing device 120 is a mobile computingdevice such as a mobile phone, tablet, or personal digital assistant.The computing device 120 includes a network interface configured toconnect the computing device 120 to the network 130 (e.g., theInternet). The network interface may include a mobile network interfaceand/or Wi-Fi network interface. In some implementations, the web browser122 is a mobile browser designed for use on an operating system of amobile device. The mobile browser is configured to render and displaymobile tabs with web pages in a mobile format (or in a desktop format).In some implementations, the computing device 120 is a laptop, a desktopcomputer, or other computing device having an operating systemconfigured to execute the web browser 122 to retrieve and displayInternet content in the desktop format.

The mobile format has a different page layout than the desktop format.In the mobile format, there is not a tab strip that identifies the openbrowser tabs 126. Rather, in the mobile format, the web browser 122includes a tab switcher user interface (UI) that allows the user toswitch to other open browser tabs 126. In some implementations, the tabswitcher UI includes a vertical layout (or vertical carousal) that liststhe open browser tabs 126 and the sites loaded in those browser tabs126. In some implementations, the browser tabs 126 are stackedvertically with one browser tab 126 displayed fully and others in frontor behind the active browser tab 126. In some implementations, the tabswitcher UI includes a horizontal layout (or horizontal carousal). Insome implementations, in the tab switcher UI, the browser tabs 126 aredisplayed in a horizontal layout, and the user can swipe to the right orleft to select other open browser tabs 126.

Each browser tab 126 may be a container for a web page 121 of anInternet site. Conventionally, on a mobile device, a browser tab 126 isopened and closed manually, and creating a new browser tab 126 may takethree taps and, in some cases, approximately two seconds (vs. one clickon a desktop, for example). Also, it has been found that closing browsertabs 126 is relatively common. For example, users often close browsertabs 126 just for the sake of decluttering. However, as furtherdescribed below, the navigation suggestion operations discussed hereinmay automatically provide the navigation suggestion 128 in which theuser is likely to view again and/or assist with completing his/her task.

The web pages 121 of the first group 116 may have been rendered (at somepoint) across one or multiple browser tabs 126. Similarly, the web pages121 of the second group 118 may have been rendered (at some point)across one or multiple browser tabs 126. In some implementations, thefirst group 116 of web pages 121 may be considered a journey (i.e., areal-world task carried out by the web browser 122) which occurs overtime. A particular journey may span across one, two, or more than twobrowser tabs 126. In other words, a journey can span multiple browsertabs 126, and a browser tab 126 can be present in multiple differentjourneys. As shown in FIG. 1A, the web browser 122 may include threebrowser tabs 126, i.e., a first browser tab 131, a second browser tab132, and a third browser tab 133. In some implementations, a particulargroup of web pages 121 may be defined over a period of time, and mayspan across multiple browsing sessions over multiple days (or weeks). Insome implementations, the web pages 121 of the first group 116 and/orthe second group 118 may include the web pages 121 of active (orcurrently-open) browser tabs 126 that are topically related to eachother. In some implementations, the web pages 121 of the first group 116and/or the second group 118 are web pages 121 from previously opened orclosed browser tabs 126. In some implementations, the web pages 121 ofthe first group 116 and/or the second group 118 are a mixture of webpages 121 from currently-open browser tabs 126 and web pages from closedbrowser tabs 126.

FIG. 2 illustrates a graphical representation of the tab history of thefirst browser tab 131, the second browser tab 132, and the third browsertab 133. The various web pages 201-215 of FIG. 2 are examples of the webpages 121. The first browser tab 131 may include web page 201, web page202, web page 203, web page 204, and web page 205, where the web page201 is the most recent web page (or current web page) of the firstbrowser tab 131. The second browser tab 132 may include web page 206,web page 207, web page 208, web page 209, and web page 210, where theweb page 206 is the most recent web page (or current web page) of thesecond browser tab 132. The third browser tab 133 may include web page211, web page 212, web page 213, web page 214, and web page 215, wherethe web page 211 is the most recent web page (or current web page) ofthe third browser tab 133.

The web page 201 and the web page 202 may relate to task A (or journeyA) (e.g., looking up who played Doctor Strange in Avengers: InfinityWar), web page 203 through web page 206 may relate to task B (or journeyB) (e.g., catching up on the news), and web page 207 through web page215 may relate to task C (or journey C) (e.g., researching dog breeds).As further discussed below, the server 102 may determine the first group116 as including the web page 201 and the web page 202 (which are fromthe first browser tab 131) because the web page 201 and the web page 202are topically related to each other. The server 102 may determine thesecond group 118 as including web page 203 through web page 206 (whichare from the first browser tab 131 and the second browser tab 132), andthe server 102 may determine a third group as including web page 207through web page 215 (which are from the second browser tab 132 and thethird browser tab 133) because the web page 207 through web page 215 aretopically related to each other.

Referring back to FIG. 1A, in some implementations, the server 102 maybe configured to synchronize user actions, browser history, and browserconfigurations across computing devices (including the computing device120) associated with a user account. For example, a user may bookmark aparticular web page using the web browser 122 on the computing device120. If other computing devices are associated with the user's accounton the server 102, data may be transmitted from the computing device 120to server 102 and on to the other computing devices such that thebookmark also appears in the web browser 122 running on the othercomputing devices.

In some implementations, user actions may be synchronized acrosscomputing devices. User actions that may be synchronized acrosscomputing devices may include, but are not limited to, opening a window,closing a window, opening a webpage or file, closing a webpage or file,navigating to a particular URL, scrolling to a location within adocument, playing a stream of media content, running a Javascriptelement, or any other action associated with operating the web browser122. In some implementations, the user action may be a Document ObjectModel (DOM) event. DOM events may include standardized DOM eventspromulgated by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the primarystandards organization for the Internet, and/or may includebrowser-specific DOM events. In general, DOM events allow webpages toinclude code that is conditioned on the detection of a certain event. Insome implementations, DOM events may include receiving an input from aninterface device (e.g., a mouse or other pointing device, a keyboard, atouchscreen display, etc.). For example, a DOM event may correspond toclicking on a webpage object using a mouse, pressing an up arrow on akeypad, touching a touchscreen display, etc. DOM events may also includeactions such as loading or unloading a webpage, resizing a window of theweb browser 122, performing a clipboard action (e.g., selecting anobject, copying an object, pasting an object, etc.), dragging datawithin the webpage or between the web browser 122 and anotherapplication, opening or closing a window, detecting an error, or otherevents related to the operation of the web browser 122.

In some examples, as the web browser 122 is being executed on thecomputing device 120, the web browser 122 sends, over the network 130,the data 101 about the accessed web pages 121 to the server 102.

The network 130 may include the Internet and/or other types of datanetworks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN),a cellular network, satellite network, or other types of data networks.The network 130 may also include any number of computing devices (e.g.,computer, servers, routers, network switches, etc.) that are configuredto receive and/or transmit data within network 130. Network 130 mayfurther include any number of hardwired and/or wireless connections.

The server 102 may include a navigation tree builder 104 configured togenerate navigation trees 114 based on the data 101. For example, thenavigation tree builder 104 may generate a new navigation tree 114 whena user starts a search (e.g., entering one or more terms into a searchbox of the web browser 122), selects on a link in the browsing history,and/or selects a bookmark. The navigation tree builder 104 may createnew page nodes when the user navigates from the root node, e.g., whenparticular web pages 121 are rendered in the browser tabs 126. Forexample, each navigation tree 114 may start with a search or a bookmark,and as the user navigates from a page or search results (e.g., selects aparticular search result, selects a link on a page, selects theback/forward button, etc.), the navigation tree builder 104 may createpage nodes that correspond to the different web pages 121, and createlinks or edges between the page nodes. For a particular user account,there may be many separate navigation trees 114. As an example, FIG. 1Aillustrates a first navigation tree 114-1, a second navigation tree114-2, and a third navigation tree 114-3. However, the navigation trees114 may include more than three navigation trees 114.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a navigation tree 114. The navigationtree 114 may be an example of the first navigation tree 114-1, thesecond navigation tree 114-2, or the third navigation tree 114-3. Thenavigation tree 114 may be a hierarchical data structure that shows therelationships between navigated web pages 121 of Internet sites by theweb browser 122. In some implementations, some of the data 101 isrepresented in the navigation tree 114. The navigation tree 114 includespage nodes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and links 331 (e.g., incoming edges,outgoing edges) between the page nodes. Each page node corresponds to arespective different web page 121 rendered by the web browser 122. Thepage nodes may include hub nodes 330, leaf nodes 332, and intermediatenodes 336 disposed between the hub nodes 330 and the leaf nodes 332.

As shown in FIG. 3, a user may direct the web browser 122 to display afirst web page (represented by page node 1) (e.g., by starting a newsearch), and navigate to a second web page (represented by page node 2),where a link 331 is provided from the page node 1 to the page node 2.The page node 1 may be considered a root, i.e., the top node in thenavigation tree 114, and the page node 2 is a child node of the pagenode 1, i.e., a node directly connected to another node when moving awayfrom the root. Then, the user may navigate back to the first web page,where a link 331 is provided from the page node 2 to the page node 1.The page node 2 is a leaf node 332 because the page node 2 does not havea child node. Then, a user may navigate to a third web page (representedby page node 3), where a link 331 is provided from the page node 1 tothe page node 3. The page node 1 is a hub node 330 because the page node1 has at least two child nodes directly connected to it. Then, a usermay navigate to a fourth web page (represented by page node 4), and thento a fifth web page (represented by page node 5). From the third webpage, the user may navigate to a sixth web page (represented by pagenode 6). The page node 3 is a hub node 330, the page node 5 is a leafnode 332, and the page node 6 is a leaf node 332. The page node 4 is anintermediate node 336.

The server 102 may include a journey-centric task builder 106 configuredto determine the first task and/or the second task by constructing thefirst group 116 and/or the second group 118 (and any additional groups)from the web pages 121 rendered by the browser tabs 126. Also, thejourney-centric task builder 106 may filter and/or sort the web pages121 of the first group 116 and/or the second group 118 to determinewhich web pages 121 are included within the navigation suggestions 128.

The journey-centric task builder 106 may include a similarity analyzer108 configured to group similarly-related navigation trees 114 into anavigation group using a similarity analysis. In some implementations,the similarity analysis includes hierarchical clustering. In someimplementations, the similarity analyzer 108 is configured to determinethe first group 116 of web pages 121 from the web pages 121 previouslyrendered by the web browser 122 based on a similarity analysis of thenavigation trees 114 such that the first group 116 of web pages 121includes two or more web pages having content topically related to eachother. In some implementations, the similarity analyzer 108 isconfigured to cluster a first subset (e.g., two or more) of thenavigation trees 114 into a first cluster group based on the similarityanalysis, and identify the first group 116 of web pages 121 from thefirst cluster group. The similarity analyzer 108 is configured tocluster a second subset (e.g., two or more) of the navigation trees 114into a second cluster group based on the similarity analysis, andidentify the second group 118 of web pages 121 from the second clustergroup.

In some implementations, the similarity analyzer 108 may represent eachnavigation tree 114 with keywords and associate a probability with eachof the keywords indicating a relative likelihood that a particularkeyword represents its navigation tree 114. For example, the similarityanalyzer 108 may represent each web page 121 with a set of keywords, andeach of the keywords may represent a relative likelihood that aparticular keyword represents that web page 121. In someimplementations, the probabilities are determined based on termfrequency and/or inverse document frequency techniques. For a particularnavigation tree 114, the similarity analyzer 108 may accumulate all thekeywords in all the web pages 121 in the navigation tree 114. Thesimilarity analyzer 108 may create a feature vector based on thekeywords and their probabilities.

In an example, a navigation tree 114 relating to Yellowstone nationalpark may have a group of keywords such as parks, bison, geysers,camping, etc., that are associated with the Yellowstone national parknavigation tree, and each of those keywords are associated with arespective probability that the keyword represents the navigation tree114 (e.g., bison has a probability of 0.9 and park has a probability of0.3). The similarity analyzer 108 may create a feature vector for eachnavigation tree 114 using the keywords and probabilities, and determinedistance (or similarity) vectors based on comparisons of the featurevectors. In some implementations, cosine distance between the featurevectors is used as a distance (or similarity) metric in a clusteringalgorithm. If the value of the distance metric is above a thresholdlevel, the similarity analyzer 108 server may determine that thecorresponding navigation trees 114 are similarly related to the sametopic, and include these navigation trees 114 within the cluster group.The web pages 121 of the navigations trees 114 of the cluster group maybe identified as the web pages 121 for the group.

In some implementations, the generation of a group of web pages 121 mayindicate that the user is carrying out a task. In some implementations,the generation of a particular group of web pages 121 occurs when atleast two navigation trees 114 are determined to be topically-related toeach other. In some implementations, the generation of a particulargroup of web pages 121 occurs when a navigation tree 114 has more than athreshold number of nodes (e.g., more than 2 or 3 nodes). As indicatedabove, each navigation tree 114 is represented by a set of keywords withprobabilities. When the keywords of the cluster group are topicallyrelated to one or more keywords of content viewed by the user (e.g., thekeywords of the currently displayed content having a similarity metricabove a threshold level with respect to the keywords of the clustergroup), the system 100 may determine that the user is carrying out thetask, and provide one or navigation suggestions 128 on the userinterface 124 of the web browser 122.

In some implementations, instead of using navigation trees 114, thesimilarity analyzer 108 may compare content of the web pages 121 (e.g.,a page by page comparison). For example, keywords associated with afirst web page may be compared with keywords associated with a secondweb page, and, if the similarity comparison results in a similaritymetric above a threshold level, the first web page and the second webpage are similar to each other in the sense that they relate to the sametopic. However, the similarity analyzer 108 may use other types ofsimilarity techniques such as such as string-based similarity includingcharacter-based similarity measures (e.g., longest common substring(LCS), Damerau-Levenshtein, Jaro, Jaro-Winkler, etc.), and term-basedsimilarity measures (e.g., block distance, cosine similarity, Dice'scoefficient), corpus-based similarity (e.g., Hyperspace Analogue toLanguage (HAL), Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)), and/or knowledge-basedsimilarity.

In some implementations, the journey-centric task builder 106 includes apage filter 110 configured to filter the first group 116 (or any othergroup) of web pages 121 to remove one or more web pages 121 from thefirst group 116. It is noted that any operations described withreference to the first group 116 can be equally applied to the secondgroup 118. In some implementations, the page filter 110 filters thefirst group 116 based on a timestamp associated with the web pages 121of the first group 116. For example, the page filter 110 may remove oneor more web pages 121 from the first group 116 that is older than apredetermined time (e.g., remove web pages 121 older than 4 hours, 1day, 1 week, etc.). In some implementations, the page filter 110 filtersthe first group 116 based on one or more user engagement metricassociated with the web pages 121 of the first group 116. The userengagement metrics may be determined based on or include an amount ofuser engagement with each web page 121 of the first group 116. The userengagement metrics may include the number of times a particular web page121 was viewed, interacted with, or loaded, the amount of time spent ona particular web page 121, and a level of engagement with a particularweb page 121. If one or more user engagement metrics of a web page 121of the first group 116 is below a threshold level, the page filter 110may remove that web page 121 from the first group 116. In someimplementations, the page filter 110 may filter the first group 116based on the navigation trees 114 of the first cluster group. Forexample, the page filter 110 may filter the web pages 121 to retain theweb pages 121 associated with the hub nodes 330 and the leaf nodes 332,but may remove the web pages 121 associated with other nodes (e.g., theintermediate nodes 336). In some implementations, the page filter 110may filter the web pages 121 of the first group 116 based on any of theabove-identified types of the acquired data 101.

FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation of an example way offiltering of the web pages 121 of the first group 116. As shown in FIG.4, the web pages 121 may include web page 401, web page 402, web page403, and web page 404. These web pages may be rendered (or have beenrendered) in one or multiple browsing tabs 126 of a browsing session,and these web pages may be represented in one or more navigation trees114 associated with a particular cluster group. The page filter 110 mayfilter these web pages using any of the above-described filteringtechniques to remove the web page 402 and the web page 403 from thefirst group 116.

Referring back to FIG. 1A, the journey-centric task builder 106 includesa page sorter 112 configured to sort the web pages 121 of the firstgroup 116 and/or the second group 118. For example, the page sorter 112may sort the first group 116 based on timestamps (e.g., the time aparticular web page 121 was rendered or accessed) such that the firstgroup 116 includes a chronological order of topically-related web pages121. In some implementations, the page sorter 112 may sort the firstgroup 116 based on one or more user engagements such that the firstgroup 116 includes a list of topically-related web pages 121 where theweb pages 121 having a higher user engagement are placed first on thelist.

In some implementations, in the case of mobile (e.g., the computingdevice 120 is a smartphone, tablet, etc.), switching between multiplebrowsing tabs 126 to carry out a task may be less likely to occur.Rather, in many instances, in order to locate previously viewedinformation, the user is likely to create a new browser tab 126 to findthe desired web page 121. However, the navigation suggestion 128 isconfigured to provide a graphical arrangement of one or more web pages121 of the first group 116 (or the second group 118) in order to assistthe user for accomplishing the task, as further described below.

In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 may be a userinterface element (or element) that provides at least a portion a listof the first group 116 on the user interface 124 of the web browser 122.In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 is presented whenit is determined that the currently-viewed content iscontextually-relevant to the first group 116. In some implementations,the navigation suggestion 128 is a list of the web pages 121 of thefirst group 116. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128identifies at least a subset of the web pages 121 of the first group 116as user-selectable links, where upon selection of one of the links, theweb browser 122 is configured to reload the selected web page 121 (orprovide the pre-fetch or pre-rendered content for the web page 121). Insome implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 identifies the title(or short phrase describing the page) of each of the web pages 121 ofthe first group 116. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion128 displays a representative image associated with one or more of theweb pages 121. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128displays a map and a location on the map associated with one or more ofthe web pages 121. In some examples, the navigation suggestion 128provides a sequential display of web pages 121 should be performed tocarry out a task.

In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 is provided on abrowser page that identifies some or all of the web pages 121 of thefirst group 116, with selectable links to reload the web pages 121 ofthe first group 116. In some implementations, the browser pageidentifies the web pages 121 of the first group 116 in a chronologicalorder, where the list is grouped by days in which the web pages 121 ofthe first group 116 were accessed. In some implementations, the webpages 121 of the first group 116 are disposed in a horizontal orvertical UI carousel. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion128 identifies the web pages 121 of the first group 116 in chronologicalorder. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 identifiesonly a portion of the web pages 121 of the first group 116 with anoption to expand the navigation suggestion 128 to view the other webpages 121 of the first group 116. In some implementations, thenavigation suggestion 128 includes a single vertical card, a visual gridlayout that groups the web pages 121 of the first group 116, and/orother type of user interface layout that presents the web pages 121 ofthe first group 116. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion128 identifies a plurality of groups (e.g., the first group 116 and thesecond group 118) with an option to select one of the groups to viewthat group's web pages 121.

In some implementations, the web browser 122 may display links to thegroups in a page (or section) of the web browser 122. In someimplementations, the web browser 122 may display links to the groups ina bookmark section of the web browser 122. In some implementations, theweb browser 122 may provide a suggestion to one of the groups as theuser is using the web browser 122. In some implementations, the webbrowser 122 may provide a navigation suggestion to the first group 116when the user is typing one or more search terms into the search box ofthe web browser 122. For example, in response to the one or more searchterms being determined a topically related to the first group 116, theweb browser 122 may display a link to the first group 116. Uponselection of the link, the web browser 122 may display a list of the webpages 121 of the first group 116.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of the navigation suggestion 128 as anauto-tab list 518 having a collection of topically-related auto-tabs.The auto-tabs may include a first auto-tab 520-1, a second auto-tab520-2, and a third auto-tab 520-3. In some implementations, the webpages 121 of the first group 116 may be the auto-tabs in the auto-tablist 518. In some implementations, the web pages 121 of the second group118 may be auto-tabs in the auto-tab list 518. In some implementations,a user may select one of the auto-tabs in the auto-tab list 518, whichcauses the web browser 122 to reload that web page 121 (or provide thepre-fetched or pre-rendered web content) in a particular browser tab126.

In some implementations, the auto-tab list 518 is a collection oftopically related web pages 121 that have been filtered to omit one ormore web pages 121 (as previously discussed above). In someimplementations, the auto-tab list 518 is a collection oftopically-related web pages 121 that correspond to the working set ofbrowser tabs 126. The working set of browser tabs 126 may be the webpages in the currently opened browser tabs 126 and/or the web pages inthe back stacks of the currently opened browser tabs 126. In someimplementations, the auto-tab list 518 is rendered on the user interface124 in a UI layout that identifies a chronological list of the web pages121 of the first group 116. In some implementations, the auto-tab list518 is a UI layout that identifies the web pages 121 of the first group116 in an order by likelihood of returning based on one or more userengagement metrics such as the number of times a particular web page 121was viewed, interacted with, or loaded, the amount of time spent on aparticular web page 121, and a level of engagement with a particular webpage 121.

In some implementations, the auto-tab list 518 is rendered on the userinterface 124 in a list format that identifies the title of the web page121, the corresponding website, and an image associated with the webpage 121 for the web pages 121 of the first group 116 (or the secondgroup 118). In some implementations, the auto-tab list 518 is renderedon the user interface 124 in a carded style format. In someimplementations, the auto-tab list 518 is rendered on the user interface124 in a grid format. In some implementations, the auto-tab list 518 isrendered on the user interface 124 in a tab group format, where theauto-tabs are topically grouped into expandable cards. In someimplementations, the auto-tab list 518 is rendered on the user interface124 in a tab stack format, where the auto-tabs are topically groupedinto stacks, and the top auto-tab in each stack is the most recentlyused tab in the stack. In some implementations, the auto-tab list 518includes a search section (e.g., search box, search suggestions) thatallows the user to search the Internet.

In some implementations, an auto-tab list 518 is rendered by the webbrowser 122 with respect to a particular browser tab 126. For example,the web browser 122 may have the first browser tab 131 and the secondbrowser tab 132 opened. In some implementations, a user may enter thetab switcher UI with the first browser tab 131 in the foreground. Theauto-tab list 518 may be provided in a UI layout at a location proximateto the first browser tab 131. In some implementations, while in the tabswitcher UI, the user may place the second browser tab 132 in theforeground, which causes the web browser 122 to provide the auto-tablist 518 in a UI layout at a location proximate to the second browsertab 132. However, if the first browser tab 131 and the second browsertab 132 are topically related to the first group 116, the auto-tab list518 may include the same (or similar) web pages 121 of the first group116. If the first browser tab 131 is topically related to the firstgroup 116, the auto-tab list 518 may include a list of the web pages 121of the first group 116, and the auto-tab list 518 is rendered in alocation proximate to the first browser tab 131. If the second browsertab 132 is topically related to the second group 118, the auto-tab list518 may include a list of the web pages 121 of the second group 118, andthe auto-tab list 518 is rendered in a location proximate to the secondbrowser tab 132.

FIG. 5B illustrates an example relationship between the auto-tab list518 and groups (or journeys). A first auto-tab list 518-1 may beassociated with the first group 116 that relates to a first journey. Forexample, the first auto-tab list 518-1 may include a list of web pages121 of the first group 116. In this example, since the first browser tab131 and the second browser tab 132 topically relate to the first group116, the first browser tab 131 is associated with the first auto-tablist 518-1 and the second browser tab 132 is associated with the firstauto-tab list 518-1. However, the third browser tab 133 is topicallyrelated to the second group 118 of a second journey, and the thirdbrowser tab 133 is associated with a second auto-tab list 518-2 thatincludes a list of web pages 121 of the second group 118. The auto-tablist 518 may change if a particular browser tab 126 is topically relatedto a different group. For example, if the first browser tab 131 becomestopically related to the second group 118, the second auto-tab list518-2 would be associated with first browser tab 131.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of switching to an auto-tab in theauto-tab list 518. As shown in FIG. 6, a browser tab (Tab A) isassociated with an auto-tab list 518 that identifies auto-tab B,auto-tab C, and auto-tab D. In some implementations, when the userenters the tab switcher UI, the auto-tab list 518 is automaticallyprovided in an area of the user interface 124 that is proximate tobrowser tab A. A user may select auto-tab C, which causes the webbrowser 122 to reopen that tab. In some implementations, browser tab Cis re-opened with the back stack and scroll position from the previoususe of browser tab C. Then, the next time the user comes back to the tabswitcher UI, the page that the user switched away from is on the top ofthe auto-tab list 518. For example, when the user enters the tabswitcher UI, the auto-tab list 518 associated with browser tab Cincludes the same auto-tabs along with browser tab A, which was the lastviewed browser tab.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of the navigation suggestion 128 as anitem list 718 having a collection of topically-related item tabs. Theitem tabs may include a first item tab 720-1, a second item tab 720-2,and a third item tab 720-3. In some implementations, the web pages 121of the first group 116 may be represented by the item tabs in the itemlist 718. In some implementations, the web pages 121 of the second group118 may be represented by the item tabs in the item list 718. In someimplementations, a user may select one of the item tabs in the item list718, which causes the web browser 122 to reload that web page 121 in aparticular browser tab 126.

In some implementations, the item list 718 is a collection of items thatthe user is interested in purchasing, which were tracked and gatheredfrom web pages the user has visited using the web browser 122. Forexample, the item list 718 may be a UI element that displays products(or services) and/or merchants in a user's consideration set in a mannerthat allows for easy comparison. Typically, for product comparison,users use multiple browser tabs 126 to make comparisons between productsand merchants (e.g., sometimes referred to as page parking). In someimplementations, similar to the auto-tab list 518, the item list 718 isrendered on the user interface 124 when the web browser 122 enters thetab switcher UI. In some implementations, the item list 718 is renderedon the user interface 124 in the bookmark section of the web browser122. In some implementations, the display of a particular item tab onthe web browser 122 may be associated with a selectable pin that whenselected causes the server 102 to track that particular item. In someimplementations, the item list 718 is rendered in a strip or list,visible or available from a browser toolbar. For example, users canmanually pin pages to the item list 718. In some implementations, themanually pinned pages remain on the item list 718 until removed. In someimplementations, manually pinned pages are visually distinguished fromautomatic items in the item list 718.

FIG. 8 illustrates a relationship between the item list 718 and groups(or journeys). A first item list 718-1 may be associated with the firstgroup 116 (which relates to a first journey). For example, the firstitem list 718-1 may include a list of the web pages 121 of the firstgroup 116. In this example, since the first browser tab 131 and thesecond browser tab 132 are topically related to the first group 116, thefirst browser tab 131 is associated with the first item list 718-1 andthe second browser tab 132 is associated with the first item list 718-1.However, the third browser tab 133 is associated with the second group118, and the third browser tab 133 is associated with a second item list718-2 that includes the web pages 121 of the second group 118.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart 900 illustrating certain example operations of theserver 102 and/or the web browser 122. Although the flowchart 900 ofFIG. 9 illustrates the operations in sequential order, it will beappreciated that this is merely an example, and that additional oralternative operations may be included. Further, operations of FIG. 9and related operations may be executed in a different order than thatshown, or in a parallel or overlapping fashion. In some implementations,the operations of FIG. 9 are executed by the server 102. In someimplementations, the operations of FIG. 9 are executed by the webbrowser 122. In some implementations, the operations of FIG. 9 areexecuted by a combination of the web browser 122 and the server 102.

Operation 902 include acquiring data about a plurality of web pages 121rendered within one or more browser tabs 126 of a web browser 122executing on at least one computing device 120. In some implementations,the plurality of web pages 121 includes a first web page rendered by theweb browser 122 executing on a first device, and a second web pagerendered by the web browser 122 executing on a second device. Forexample, browser data may be synced across multiple devices associatedwith the user. In some implementations, the web browser 122 generatesthe data 101 as the user is using the web browser 122. For example, theuser may enter one or more terms in a search box, search filed or searchbar, select a bookmark, a page from the browser history, etc. Then, theuser may navigate through web pages 121 rendered by browser tabs 126 ofthe web browser 122. In some implementations, the web browser 122 maytransmit at least a portion of the data 101, over the network 130, tothe server 102.

Operation 904 includes processing the acquired data to group theplurality of web pages 121 into one or more groups (e.g., the firstgroup 116, the second group 118), where each group includes a respectivesubset of the plurality of web pages 121. The processing may includeperforming a similarity analysis using the acquired data 101, where eachgroup includes web pages 121 that are determined to be topically relatedto each other based on the similarity analysis. In some examples, thesimilarity analysis includes hierarchical clustering. In someimplementations, the web browser 122 is configured to perform asimilarity analysis on the various web pages 121 rendered by the webbrowser 122 in order to identify the group of topically-related webpages 121. In some implementations, the server 102 is configured toperform a similarity analysis on the various web pages 121 rendered bythe web browser 122 in order to identify the group of topically-relatedweb pages 121.

In some implementations, the server 102 is configured to generate aplurality of navigation trees 114 based on the data 101, cluster asubset of the plurality of navigation trees 114 into a cluster groupbased on the similarity analysis, and identify the group of web pages121 from the cluster group. In some implementations, the navigation tree114 includes page nodes and links between the page nodes, where the pagenodes represent web pages 121 rendered by the web browser 122, and thelinks represent navigation paths between the web pages 121.

In some implementations, the web browser 122 and/or the server 102 isconfigured to filter the group of web pages 121 to remove one or moreweb pages 121 from the group of web pages 121 based on determined valuesfor one or more user engagement metrics, where each determined value ofa user engagement metric indicates an amount of user engagement with arespective web page 121 of the group. In some implementations, the webbrowser 122 and/or the server 102 is configured to sort the group of webpages 121 based on the determined values of one or more user engagementmetrics.

Operation 906 includes selecting a group of web pages 121 from the oneor more groups of web pages 121 that are determined to betopically-related to content displayed in the web browser 122. In someexamples, the server 102 or the web browser 122 performs a similarityanalysis with respect to the content displayed in the web browser 122and the group of web pages 121, and if the content displayed in the webbrowser 122 has a similarity metric greater than a threshold level withrespect to the group of web pages 121, the server 102 or the web browser122 may determine that the content displayed in the web browser 122 istopically-related to the content of the group of web pages 121. In someexamples, this similarity analysis may include any one or more of theoperations explained above with respect to the navigation trees 114.

For example, a user may navigation to a tab switcher UI and select aparticular browser tab 126 having content that is determined to betopically related the first group 116 of web pages 121, and the firstgroup 116 of web pages 121 may be selected. The selected group mayrepresent a task that is carried out a user of the web browser 122. Forexample, since the currently-viewed information relates to the firstgroup 116, the system 100 (e.g., the server 102 and/or the web browser122) may determine that the user is currently carrying out the firsttask.

Operation 908 includes providing a navigation suggestion 128 for displayon a user interface 124 of the web browser 122 based on the selectedgroup, where the navigation suggestion 128 includes one or moreuser-selectable elements that assist the user to complete the task. Insome implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 includes one or moreweb pages 121 of the selected group. In some implementations, thenavigation suggestion 128 includes one or more suggested web pages 121(e.g., not part of any of the groups). In some implementations, thenavigation suggestion 128 includes a sequence of web pages 121 (e.g.,previously rendered or suggested), search ideas, and/or other navigationsuggestions that provide a course of action for completing the task.

In some implementations, the server 102 and/or the web browser 122 isconfigured to determine that the group of web pages 121 is topicallyrelated to content rendered in a browser tab 126 opened in the webbrowser 122, and provide the group of web pages 121 for selection in atab switcher interface of the web browser 122 in a location proximate tothe browser tab 126. In some implementations, the server 102 and/or theweb browser 122 is configured to provide a selection to the group of webpages 121 in a bookmark section of the web browser 122. In someimplementations, the server 102 and/or the web browser 122 is configuredto provide a selection to the group of web pages 121 as a navigationsuggestion associated with a search box of the web browser 122.

In some implementations, the group of web pages 121 is the first group116 of web pages 121. In some implementations, the server 102 and/or theweb browser 122 is configured to determine the second group 118 of webpages 121 from the plurality of plurality of web pages 121 based on asimilarity analysis of the accessed data 101, where the second group 118of web pages 121 has content topically different than content of thefirst group 116, and the server 102 and/or the web browser 122 isconfigured to provide the second group 118 of web pages 121 forselection on the user interface 124 of the web browser 122. In someimplementations, the server 102 and/or the web browser 122 is configuredto determine that the first group 116 of web pages 121 is topicallyrelated to the first browser tab 131 opened on the web browser 122,determine that the second group 118 of web pages 121 is topicallyrelated to the second browser tab 132 opened on the web browser 122,provide the first group 116 of web pages 121 for selection in responseto a selection of the first browser tab 131, and provide the secondgroup 118 of web pages 121 for selection in response to a selection ofthe second browser tab 132. In some implementations, the server 102and/or the web browser 122 is configured to pre-fetch web content for atleast one web page 121 of the navigation suggestion 128 independently ofa user selection of the at least one web page 121.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 illustrating example operations of theserver 102. Although the flowchart 1000 of FIG. 10 illustrates theoperations in sequential order, it will be appreciated that this ismerely an example, and that additional or alternative operations may beincluded. Further, operations of FIG. 10 and related operations may beexecuted in a different order than that shown, or in a parallel oroverlapping fashion.

Operation 1002 includes receiving data 101, over a network 130, about aplurality of web pages 121 accessed through one or more browser tabs 126of the web browser 122. For example, the server 102 is configured toreceive the data 101 as the user is using the web browser 122.

Operation 1004 includes generating navigation trees 114 based on thedata 101. For example, the server 102 is configured to generate thenavigation trees 114 using the data 101. For example, when a user startsa search, or activates a link to a bookmark or a page in the browserhistory, a new navigation tree 114 is generated.

Operation 1006 includes determining a cluster group of at least twonavigation trees 114 using a similarity analysis. For example, theserver 102 may cluster a subset of the navigation trees 114 into acluster group using a similarity analysis. For example, the server 102may represent each navigation tree 114 with keywords and associate aprobability with each of the keywords indicating a relative likelihoodthat a particular keyword represents its navigation tree 114. The server102 may create a feature vector for each navigation tree 114 using thekeywords and probabilities, and determine distance (or similarity)vectors based on comparisons of the feature vectors. If the value of thedistance vector is above a threshold level, the server 102 may determinethat the corresponding navigation trees 114 are similarly related to thesame topic, and include these navigation trees 114 within the clustergroup.

Operation 1008 includes identifying a group from the cluster group. Forexample, the server 102 may identify the web pages 121 for the group asthe web pages 121 of the navigation trees 114 of the cluster group.

Operation 1010 includes filtering or sorting the group based on thenavigation trees and/or user engagement metrics. For example, the server102 may filter the group by removing the web pages 121 of intermediatenodes 336 of the navigation trees 114 of the cluster group. The server102 may filter the group of web pages 121 based on user engagementmetrics, where the user engagement metrics indicates an amount of userengagement with each of the web pages 121 of the group. In someimplementations, the server 102 may remove one or more web pages 121from the group based on the user engagement metrics (e.g., therebyincluding web pages with higher engagements). In some implementations,the server 102 may sort the web pages 121 within the group based ontemporal order or the user engagement metrics (e.g., a list may providethe web pages 121 in an order according to user engagement, where theweb pages 121 with higher engagements are provided first).

Operation 1012 includes providing the filtered or sorted group as anavigation suggestion. For example, the server 102 may transmit anidentification of the filtered or sorted group, over the network 130, tothe web browser 122 executing on the computing device 120. In someimplementations, the server 102 provides the filtered or sorted groupbased on user's activity associated with the web browser 122. Forexample, the user may direct the web browser 122 to a tab switcherinterface and select one of the opened browser tabs 126, and, inresponse to this activity, the server 102 may transmit an identificationof the filtered or sorted group. In some implementations, the server 102may transmit the filtered or sorted group along with location specifyingwhich location of the user interface 124 to render the filtered orsorted group.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 illustrating certain example operations ofthe web browser 122. Although the flowchart 1100 of FIG. 11 illustratesthe operations in sequential order, it will be appreciated that this ismerely an example, and that additional or alternative operations may beincluded. Further, operations of FIG. 11 and related operations may beexecuted in a different order than that shown, or in a parallel oroverlapping fashion.

Operation 1102 includes sending, over a network 130, the data 101 to theserver 102 associated with the web browser 122, where the data 101includes information about a plurality of web pages 121 rendered withinone or more browser tabs 126 of the web browser 122.

Operation 1104 includes displaying content in a user interface 124 ofthe web browser 122. For example, the content may be the content that iscurrently visible to the user.

Operation 1106 includes receiving, over the network 130, a navigationsuggestion 128 in response to the content being displayed in the userinterface 124 of the web browser 122, where the navigation suggestion128 identifies a group (e.g., the group 116 or the group 118) of webpages 121, and the group of web pages 121 are a subset of the pluralityof web pages 121 rendered by the web browser 122. The group of web pages121 including web pages that have been topically related to each otherand to the content displayed in the user interface 124.

Operation 1108 includes displaying the navigation suggestion 128 on theuser interface 124 of the web browser 122, where the navigationsuggestion 128 displays content of one or more of the web pages 121 ofthe group as one or more user-selectable elements, and eachuser-selectable element is selectable to access a respective web page121 of the group.

In some implementations, the web browser 122 may pre-fetch web contentfor at least one web page 121 of the group of web pages 121 in advanceof a user selection of the at least one web page 121. In someimplementations, the navigation suggestion 128 displays the list of webpages 121 of the group in chronological order. In some implementations,the group of web pages 121 are topically related to content displayed ina browser tab 126 opened on the web browser 122, and the web browser 122is configured to display the list of the web pages 121 of the group in atab switcher interface of the web browser 122 in response to a userselection of the browser tab 126 within the tab switcher interface.

In some implementations, the group of web pages is the first group 116of web pages 121, and the web browser 122 configured to receive, overthe network 130, identification of the second group 118 of web pages 121from the server 102, where the second group 118 of web pages 121 hascontent topically different than content of the first group 116 of webpages 121. The first group 116 of web pages 121 is topically related tothe first browser tab 131 opened on the web browser 122, and the secondgroup 118 of web pages 121 is topically related to the second browsertab 132 opened on the web browser 122. The web browser 122 may displaythe first browser tab 131 and the second browser tab 132 for selectionin a tab switcher interface of the web browser 122, display a list ofweb pages 121 of the first group 116 in the tab switcher interface inresponse to a user selection of the first browser tab 131 within the tabswitcher interface, and display a list of web pages 121 of the secondgroup 118 in the tab switcher interface in response to a user selectionof the second browser tab 132 within the tab switcher interface.

In some implementations, the web browser 122 is configured to displaythe link to the group on the user interface 124 of the web browser 122,and display the list of the web pages 121 of the group in response to auser selection of the link. In some implementations, the web browser 122is configured to display the link to the group in a bookmark section ofthe web browser 122. In some implementations, the web browser 122 isconfigured to display the link to the group as a navigation suggestionin response to one or more search terms being entered in a search box ofthe web browser 122.

FIGS. 12A through 12K illustrate example screenshots of the web browser122 configured to display the first group 116 as the auto-tab list 518.The example screenshots depict a browsing session using the web browser122 where a user is carrying out a task, e.g., deciding to see the newAvengers movie. FIG. 12A shows a screenshot of an Internet searchconducted with search terms—avengers: infinity war. Then, the userlooked at a trailer of the movie (see screenshot in FIG. 12B), anarticle about the movie (see screenshot in FIG. 12C), and the cast ofthe movie (see screenshot in FIG. 12D) using the web browser 122. Then,FIGS. 12E, 12F, 12G, and 12H are screenshots illustrating the user'scuriosity about one of the actors, and searches for BenedictCumberbatch. After reading about Cumberbatch (see screenshot in FIG.12H), the user has decided to see the movie, but now the user decides hewants to convince one of his friends to come, and wants to locate thetrailer.

Upon selecting a link 141, the web browser 122 displays the tab switcherUI 142 as shown in FIG. 12I. The tab switcher UI 142 provides ahorizontal carousal to switch to other browser tabs in the user'sworking set, as shown in FIG. 12I. With respect to the selected tab inthe tab switcher UI 142, the web browser 122 provides the auto-tab list518 that identifies a collection of topically-related web page 121,which are topically related to the selected browser tab, as shown by thescreenshots of FIGS. 121 and 12J. The auto-tab list 518 includes theAvenger's trailer, which the user can click to load the page (seescreenshot in FIG. 12K), and share with another user.

FIGS. 13A through 13M illustrate example screenshots of the web browser122 configured to display the first group 118 as the item list 718. Theexample screenshots depict a browsing session using the web browser 122where a user is carrying out a task, e.g., purchasing a new vacuumcleaner. FIGS. 13A and 13B are screenshots showing the user using theweb browser 122 to load and view a review site. FIGS. 13C, 13D, 13E arescreenshots showing the user locating two potential items. The userwould like to validate these options and find additional options, so theuser searches for other reviews, as shown in FIGS. 13F and 13G. From thereview in the screenshot of FIG. 13H, the user locates two other items,as shown in the screenshots of FIGS. 13I and 13J. As shown in thescreenshots of FIGS. 13K, 13L, and 13M, the web browser 122 identifiesthe item list 718 that includes the items that the user has viewed. Forexample, as shown in the screenshot of FIG. 13K, the web browser 122displays the tab switcher UI 142, and the web browser 122 provides theitem list 718 with respect to the selected browser tab. In someimplementations, as shown in the screenshot of FIG. 13K, the web browser122 also displays the auto-tab list 518 associated with the selectedbrowser tab. Upon the selection of a link 160, the web browser 122displays the auto-tab list 518 with the full list of items (in thisexample, the number of items is 4), as shown in in the screenshot ofFIG. 13L. Also, in some implementations, the user can manually pin itemsto the item list 718. For example, as shown in the screenshot of FIG.13M, the item list 718 also includes the manually pinned items, which isdistinguished from the other items by displaying an icon 162 associatedwith the manually pinned item.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example screenshot of the navigation suggestion128 that displays the first group 116 as a page (e.g., also referred toas a journey page). As shown in FIG. 14, the journey page depicts theweb pages of the first group 116 in chronological order, separated bythe days in which the web pages 121 were rendered. The journey page alsoincludes a title (e.g., Seattle Hiking) which is the title of the firstgroup 116. In some implementations, the navigation suggestion 128 alsodisplays the top web pages 167 of the first group 116 (e.g., selected byuser engagement metrics).

FIG. 15 illustrates an example screenshot of the web browser 122. Insome implementations, the web browser 122 may provide a navigationsuggestion 171 to the first group 116 when the user is typing one ormore search terms into a search box 170 of the web browser 122. Forexample, in response to the one or more search terms being determined asrelevant to the first group 116, the web browser 122 may display thenavigation suggestion 171 to the first group 116. Upon selection of thenavigation suggestion 171, the web browser 122 may display the list ofthe web pages 121 of the first group 116, as shown in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 shows an example of a computer device 600 and a mobile computerdevice 650, which may be used with the techniques described here. Insome implementations, the computer device 600 is an example of thecomputing device 120. In some implementations, the computer device 600is an example of the server 102. In some implementations, the mobilecomputer device 650 is an example of the computing device 120. Computingdevice 600 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers,such as laptops, desktops, tablets, workstations, personal digitalassistants, televisions, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and otherappropriate computing devices. Computing device 650 is intended torepresent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digitalassistants, cellular telephones, smart phones, and other similarcomputing devices. The components shown here, their connections andrelationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, andare not meant to limit implementations of the inventions describedand/or claimed in this document.

Computing device 600 includes a processor 602, memory 604, a storagedevice 606, a high-speed interface 608 connecting to memory 604 andhigh-speed expansion ports 610, and a low speed interface 612 connectingto low speed bus 614 and storage device 606. The processor 602 can be asemiconductor-based processor. The memory 604 can be asemiconductor-based memory. Each of the components 602, 604, 606, 608,610, and 612, are interconnected using various busses, and may bemounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. Theprocessor 602 can process instructions for execution within thecomputing device 600, including instructions stored in the memory 604 oron the storage device 606 to display graphical information for a GUI onan external input/output device, such as display 616 coupled to highspeed interface 608. In other implementations, multiple processorsand/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiplememories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices 600 maybe connected, with each device providing portions of the necessaryoperations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or amulti-processor system).

The memory 604 stores information within the computing device 600. Inone implementation, the memory 604 is a volatile memory unit or units.In another implementation, the memory 604 is a non-volatile memory unitor units. The memory 604 may also be another form of computer-readablemedium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

The storage device 606 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 600. In one implementation, the storage device 606 maybe or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device,a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flashmemory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array ofdevices, including devices in a storage area network or otherconfigurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied inan information carrier. The computer program product may also containinstructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such asthose described above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 604, the storage device 606,or memory on processor 602.

The high speed controller 608 manages bandwidth-intensive operations forthe computing device 600, while the low speed controller 612 manageslower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions isexemplary only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller 608 iscoupled to memory 604, display 616 (e.g., through a graphics processoror accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports 610, which may acceptvarious expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speedcontroller 612 is coupled to storage device 606 and low-speed expansionport 614. The low-speed expansion port, which may include variouscommunication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet)may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard,a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch orrouter, e.g., through a network adapter.

The computing device 600 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 620, or multiple times in a group of such servers. Itmay also be implemented as part of a rack server system 624. Inaddition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptopcomputer 622. Alternatively, components from computing device 600 may becombined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such asdevice 650. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computingdevice 600, 650, and an entire system may be made up of multiplecomputing devices 600, 650 communicating with each other.

Computing device 650 includes a processor 652, memory 664, aninput/output device such as a display 654, a communication interface666, and a transceiver 668, among other components. The device 650 mayalso be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or otherdevice, to provide additional storage. Each of the components 650, 652,664, 654, 666, and 668, are interconnected using various buses, andseveral of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate.

The processor 652 can execute instructions within the computing device650, including instructions stored in the memory 664. The processor maybe implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multipleanalog and digital processors. The processor may provide, for example,for coordination of the other components of the device 650, such ascontrol of user interfaces, applications run by device 650, and wirelesscommunication by device 650.

Processor 652 may communicate with a user through control interface 658and display interface 656 coupled to a display 654. The display 654 maybe, for example, a TFT LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display)or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriatedisplay technology. The display interface 656 may comprise appropriatecircuitry for driving the display 654 to present graphical and otherinformation to a user. The control interface 658 may receive commandsfrom a user and convert them for submission to the processor 652. Inaddition, an external interface 662 may be provided in communicationwith processor 652, so as to enable near area communication of device650 with other devices. External interface 662 may provide, for example,for wired communication in some implementations, or for wirelesscommunication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may alsobe used.

The memory 664 stores information within the computing device 650. Thememory 664 can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readablemedium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatilememory unit or units. Expansion memory 674 may also be provided andconnected to device 650 through expansion interface 672, which mayinclude, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) cardinterface. Such expansion memory 674 may provide extra storage space fordevice 650, or may also store applications or other information fordevice 650. Specifically, expansion memory 674 may include instructionsto carry out or supplement the processes described above, and mayinclude secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory 674may be provide as a security module for device 650, and may beprogrammed with instructions that permit secure use of device 650. Inaddition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, alongwith additional information, such as placing identifying information onthe SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory,as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product istangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer programproduct contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or moremethods, such as those described above. The information carrier is acomputer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 664, expansionmemory 674, or memory on processor 652 that may be received, forexample, over transceiver 668 or external interface 662.

Device 650 may communicate wirelessly through communication interface666, which may include digital signal processing circuitry wherenecessary. Communication interface 666 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, orMMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others.Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequencytransceiver 668. In addition, short-range communication may occur, suchas using a Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or other such transceiver (not shown). Inaddition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module 670 mayprovide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data todevice 650, which may be used as appropriate by applications running ondevice 650.

Device 650 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 660, which mayreceive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digitalinformation. Audio codec 660 may likewise generate audible sound for auser, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device 650. Suchsound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recordedsound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also includesound generated by applications operating on device 650.

The computing device 650 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as acellular telephone 680. It may also be implemented as part of a smartphone 682, personal digital assistant, or another similar mobile device.

Further to the descriptions above, a user may be provided with controlsallowing the user to make an election as to both if and when systems,programs or features described herein may enable collection of userinformation (e.g., information about a user's social network, socialactions or activities, profession, a user's preferences, or a user'scurrent location), and if the user is sent content or communicationsfrom a server. In addition, certain data may be treated in one or moreways before it is stored or used, so that personally identifiableinformation is removed. For example, a user's identity may be treated sothat no personally identifiable information can be determined for theuser, or a user's geographic location may be generalized where locationinformation is obtained (such as to a city, ZIP code, or state level),so that a particular location of a user cannot be determined. Thus, theuser may have control over what information is collected about the user,how that information is used, and what information is provided to theuser

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits),computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.These various implementations can include implementation in one or morecomputer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium”“computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product,apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory,Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructionsand/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readablemedium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal.The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to providemachine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniquesdescribed here can be implemented on a computer having a display device(e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor)for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provideinput to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in acomputing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a dataserver), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an applicationserver), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computerhaving a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a usercan interact with an implementation of the systems and techniquesdescribed here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, orfront end components. The components of the system can be interconnectedby any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., acommunication network). Examples of communication networks include alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and theInternet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“an” and “the” do not exclude the plural reference unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Further, conjunctions such as “and,” “or,”and “and/or” are inclusive unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. For example, “A and/or B” includes A alone, B alone, and Awith B. Further, connecting lines or connectors shown in the variousfigures presented are intended to represent exemplary functionalrelationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the variouselements. Many alternative or additional functional relationships,physical connections or logical connections may be present in apractical device. Moreover, no item or component is essential to thepractice of the embodiments disclosed herein unless the element isspecifically described as “essential” or “critical”.

Terms such as, but not limited to, approximately, substantially,generally, etc. are used herein to indicate that a precise value orrange thereof is not required and need not be specified. As used herein,the terms discussed above will have ready and instant meaning to one ofordinary skill in the art.

Moreover, use of terms such as up, down, top, bottom, side, end, front,back, etc. herein are used with reference to a currently considered orillustrated orientation. If they are considered with respect to anotherorientation, it should be understood that such terms must becorrespondingly modified.

Further, in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an” and “the” do not exclude the plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Moreover, conjunctions such as“and,” “or,” and “and/or” are inclusive unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. For example, “A and/or B” includes A alone, B alone,and A with B.

Although certain example methods, apparatuses and articles ofmanufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of thispatent is not limited thereto. It is to be understood that terminologyemployed herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects, andis not intended to be limiting. On the contrary, this patent covers allmethods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within thescope of the claims of this patent.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: acquiring data about aplurality of web pages rendered within one or more browser tabs of a webbrowser executing on at least one computing device; processing theacquired data to group the plurality of web pages into one or moregroups of web pages, each group including a respective subset of theplurality of web pages, wherein the processing includes performing asimilarity analysis using the acquired data, each group including webpages that are determined to be topically related to each other based onthe similarity analysis; selecting a group of web pages from the one ormore groups of web pages that are determined to be topically-related tocontent displayed in the web browser, the selected group representing atask being carried out by a user of the web browser; and providing anavigation suggestion for display on a user interface of the web browserbased on the selected group, the navigation suggestion including one ormore user-selectable elements that assist the user to complete the task.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of web pages includes afirst web page rendered by the web browser executing on a first device,and a second web page rendered by the web browser executing on a seconddevice.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the navigationsuggestion includes displaying content of one or more web pages of theselected group on the user interface of the web browser.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein the providing the navigation suggestion includesdisplaying content of a web page not previously rendered by the webbrowser during a course of executing the task by the user.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein the processing further includes: generating aplurality of navigation trees based on the acquired data; clustering asubset of the plurality of navigation trees into a cluster group basedon the similarity analysis; and identifying the group of web pages basedon the cluster group.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein a navigationtree of the plurality of navigation trees includes nodes and linksbetween the nodes, the nodes representing web pages rendered by the webbrowser, the links representing navigation paths between the web pages.7. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing further includes:filtering the group of web pages to remove one or more web pages fromthe group based on determined values for one or more user engagementmetrics, each determined value of a user engagement metric indicating anamount of user engagement with a respective web page of the group. 8.The method of claim 1, wherein the processing further includes: sortingthe group of web pages based on determined values of one or more userengagement metrics, each determined value of a user engagement metricindicating an amount of user engagement with a respective web page ofthe group.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing thenavigation suggestion includes providing a selection to the selectedgroup of web pages in a bookmark section of the web browser.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the providing the navigation suggestionincludes providing a selection to the selected group of web pages as anavigation suggestion associated with a search box of the web browser.11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: pre-fetching web contentfor at least one web page of the selected group of web pages in advanceof a user selection of the at least one web page.
 12. A systemcomprising: at least one processor; a non-transitory computer-readablemedium storing executable instructions that when executed by the atleast one processor is configured to execute a server, wherein theserver is configured to: acquire, over a network, data from a webbrowser executing on at least one computing device, the data includinginformation about a plurality of web pages rendered within one or morebrowser tabs of the web browser; process the acquired data to group theplurality of web pages into one or more groups of web pages, each groupincluding a respective subset of the plurality of web pages, wherein theserver is configured to perform a similarity analysis using the acquireddata, each group including web pages that are determined to be topicallyrelated to each other based on the similarity analysis; select a groupof web pages from the one or more groups of web pages that is determinedto be topically-related to content displayed in the web browser, theselected group representing a task being carried out by a user; andprovide, over the network, a navigation suggestion for display on a userinterface of the web browser based on the selected group, the navigationsuggestion being one or more user-selectable elements that assist theuser to complete the task.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein thenavigation suggestion includes a list of one or more of the web pages ofthe selected group.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the server isconfigured to: generate a plurality of navigation trees based on theacquired data, each of the plurality of navigation trees includes nodesand links between the nodes, the nodes representing web pages, the linksrepresenting navigation paths between the web pages; cluster a subset ofthe plurality of navigation trees into a cluster group based on thesimilarity analysis; and identify the group of web pages from thecluster group.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the server isconfigured to filter the cluster group to not include one or more webpages of the cluster group within the group of web pages.
 16. The systemof claim 14, wherein the nodes of the navigation trees of the clustergroup include one or more hub nodes, one or more leaf nodes, and one ormore intermediate nodes, the server configured to filter the clustergroup to remove web pages represented by the intermediate nodes.
 17. Thesystem of claim 14, wherein the server is configured to filter thecluster group based on determined values for one or more user engagementmetrics, each determined value of a user engagement metric indicating anamount of user engagement with a respective web page of the group. 18.The system of claim 12, wherein the server is configured to: provide thenavigation suggestion in a tab switcher interface of the web browser.19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing executableinstructions that when executed by at least one processor are configuredto execute a web browser, the web browser configured to: send, over anetwork, data to a server associated with the web browser, the dataincluding information about a plurality of web pages rendered within oneor more browser tabs of the web browser; display content in a userinterface of the web browser; receive, over the network, a navigationsuggestion in response to the content being displayed in the userinterface of the web browser, the navigation suggestion identifying agroup of web pages, the group of web pages being a subset of theplurality of web pages rendered within the one or more browser tabs, thegroup of web pages including web pages that have been determined to betopically related to each other; and display the navigation suggestionon the user interface of the web browser, the navigation suggestiondisplaying content of one or more of the web pages of the group as oneor more user-selectable elements, each user-selectable element beingselectable to access a respective web page of the group.
 20. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the webbrowser is configured to: pre-fetch web content for at least one webpage of the group of web pages in advance of a user selection of auser-selectable element for the at least one web page.
 21. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein thenavigation suggestion displays a list of the web pages of the group inchronological order.
 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 19, wherein the navigation suggestion is displayed in a tabswitcher interface of the web browser.
 23. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the web browser isconfigured to: display a selectable link to the group on the userinterface of the web browser; and display a list of the web pages of thegroup in response to a user selection of the link.
 24. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the webbrowser is configured to display the selectable link to the group in abookmark section of the web browser.
 25. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the web browser isconfigured to display a selectable link to the group as a navigationsuggestion in response to one or more search terms being entered in asearch box of the web browser.